Magnetic drive motor assembly and associated method of use

ABSTRACT

An input cam having a recessed track for establishing a desired dwell time for a plurality of rotatable permanent magnets and an output cam having a recessed track for maximizing the harnessing of linear motion energy and to apply the harnessed energy to a rotary output are provided to improve the efficiency of a magnetic transmission.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to currently pending U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/977,568 filed on Feb. 17, 2020 and entitled“Magnetic Drive Motor Assembly and Associated Method of Use, thecontents of which are herein incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Magnetically driven motors are known in the art in which a rotating setof magnets are influenced by attractive and repulsive forces created byopposing magnets. In one magnetically driven motor known in the art, apermanent magnet is rotated about an axis extending between opposingnorth and south poles. The magnetic field of the rotated permanentmagnet interacts with magnetic fields of the permanent magnets carriedby a magnetic shuttle for repelling and attracting the fixed permanentmagnets, thereby providing a linear reciprocating movement of themagnetic shuttle responsive to the rotary motion of the rotatedpermanent magnet.

While it is known in the art to use a direction of motion to convert alinear motion to a rotary motion and, in the alternative, to convert arotary motion to a linear motion, there are inherent inefficiencies inthese conversions.

Accordingly, what is needed in the art is an improved system and methodthat enhances the operation of known magnetic motors for improvingefficiency of power sources and enhancing the power output from suchmotors.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

In various embodiments, the present invention provides a magnetictransmission that operates economically and efficiently to provide powerto a load. The various embodiments provide an input camshaft arrangementfor transforming rotational motion to reciprocating motion and an outputcamshaft arrangement for transforming reciprocating motion to rotationalmotion.

In one embodiment to provide an efficient transformation of rotationalmotion to reciprocating motion, a camshaft arrangement is provided forestablishing a dwell time of a plurality of rotatable permanent magnetsof a magnetic drive train. In this embodiment, the camshaft arrangementincludes an input cam comprising a recessed track to engage a cam rollerof a crank arm and further comprising one or more supports to attach theinput cam to a reciprocating shaft. The reciprocating shaft rotates aplurality of rotatable permanent magnets in response to a rotation ofthe crank arm that results in a reciprocating stroke of a shuttlecomprising a plurality of fixed permanent magnets. In operation, therecessed track of the input cam is dimensioned to establish a desireddwell time of the plurality of rotatable permanent magnets during thereciprocating stroke of the shuttle.

In particular, the dwell time established by the recessed track of theinput cam is sufficient to allow the shuttle to complete itsreciprocating stroke. The dimensions of the recessed track of the inputcam effectively provide for maximum magnetic alignment between theplurality of rotatable permanent magnets and the plurality of fixedpermanent magnets of the shuttle during the reciprocating stroke of theshuttle.

In a specific embodiment, the width of the recessed track of the inputcam at 0° and 180° positions is substantially equal to the diameter ofthe cam roller. Additionally, the width of the recessed track of theinput cam at 90° and 270° positions is substantially equal to a swing ofthe crank arm.

By utilizing the input cam having a properly dimensioned recessed track,a continuous drive motor can be used to rotate a crank shaft coupled tothe crank arm, thereby removing the need to utilize a servo motor tocontrol the timing of the reciprocating shaft and shuttle motion.

In another embodiment to provide an efficient transformation ofreciprocating motion to rotational motion, a camshaft arrangement fortransforming a reciprocating input to a rotational output is provided.The camshaft arrangement includes an output cam having a recessed trackto engage a cam roller of a reciprocating shaft. In this embodiment, theforce produced by the reciprocating shaft fluctuates during areciprocating stroke of the reciprocating shaft and the recessed trackof the output cam is dimensioned to reduce the fluctuation in the forceproduced by the reciprocating shaft during the reciprocating stroke. Ingeneral, the recessed track of the output cam is dimensioned to maximizea transformation of energy generated by the reciprocating stroke of thereciprocating shaft to a rotational output.

In a particular embodiment, the recessed track of the output cam isdimensioned to provide a constant positive acceleration portion, aconstant velocity portion and a constant negative acceleration portionto maximize the transformation of energy generated by the reciprocatingstroke to a rotational output. More specifically, the constant positiveacceleration portion of the recessed track of the output cam comprisesapproximately 20% of the recessed track, the constant velocity portionof the recessed track of the output cam comprises approximately 50% ofthe recessed track and the constant negative acceleration portion of therecessed track of the output cam comprises approximately 30% of therecessed track.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a magnetic drivetrain apparatus including a plurality of rotatable permanent magnets,each of the rotatable permanent magnets having a north pole and anopposing south pole aligned within a plane and a plurality of firstrotational shafts, wherein each one of the plurality of rotatablepermanent magnets is rotatable by a respective one of the plurality offirst rotational shafts about an axis within the plane and between theopposing poles. The magnetic drive train further includes a firstreciprocating shaft coupled to the plurality of first rotational shafts,a shuttle comprising a plurality of fixed permanent magnets affixed to ashuttle, the plurality of fixed permanent magnets positioned such that arotation of the plurality of rotatable permanent magnets causes analternate repelling force and attracting force on the plurality of fixedpermanent magnets that results in a reciprocating stroke of the shuttleparallel to the axis and a crank arm having a cam roller positioned at afirst end of the crank arm. To provide the efficient transformation ofrotational motion to reciprocating motion, the magnetic drive trainincludes an input cam coupled to the first reciprocating shaft, theinput cam comprising a recessed track to engage the cam roller of thecrank arm, wherein a rotation of the crank arm results in areciprocating stroke of the first reciprocating shaft perpendicular tothe axis and in the corresponding reciprocating stroke of the shuttleparallel to the axis and wherein the recessed track is dimensioned toestablish a dwell time during the reciprocating stroke of the firstreciprocating shaft. The magnetic drive train further includes a secondreciprocating shaft coupled to the shuttle, the second reciprocatingshaft comprising a cam roller. To provide an efficient transformation ofreciprocating motion to rotational motion, the magnetic drive trainfurther includes an output cam having a recessed track to engage the camroller of the second reciprocating shaft, wherein a force produced bythe reciprocating shaft fluctuates during a reciprocating stroke of thereciprocating shaft and wherein the recessed track of the output cam isdimensioned to reduce the fluctuation in the force produced by thereciprocating shaft during the reciprocating stroke of the secondreciprocating shaft.

In the various embodiments of the present invention, an input cam and anoutput cam are provided to enhance the operation of known magneticmotors for improving efficiency of power sources and enhancing the poweroutput from such motors.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference should be made tothe following detailed descriptions, taken in connection with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a drive train comprising an input cam toprovide a desired dwell time, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 2 is an alternative view of the drive train illustrated in FIG. 1

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a drive train comprising an input cam toprovide a desired dwell time in combination with a magnetic linearshuttle, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a detailed view of the recessed track of the input cam, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a detailed view of the cam, cam roller, crank arm and crankshaft of the input cam, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 6 is an illustration of a drive train comprising an output cam forharvesting the energy from a linear magnetic shuttle, in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of a drive train comprising an output barrelcam for harvesting the energy from a linear magnetic shuttle, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a detailed view of an output cam and movement mechanism, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a detailed view of the recessed track of the output cam, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which exemplary embodimentsof the invention are shown. However, the illustrated embodiments are notintended to be limiting and are provided so that the disclosure isthorough and complete and fully conveys the scope of the invention asunderstood by one with ordinary skill in the art. Like numbers refer tolike elements throughout the figures and accompanying detaileddescription.

In various embodiments, the present invention provides input and outputcamshaft arrangements for transforming between reciprocating magneticdriven motion and rotary magnetic driven motion in an efficient drivetrain.

A first embodiment provides an improvement to an input cam for drivingthe rotary motion of the efficient drive train. As shown in FIG. 1, inone embodiment of the present invention, a magnetic transmission formotion conversion includes an improved drive train comprising aplurality of rotatable permanent magnets 124, 126, 128, 130 coupled to areciprocating shaft 106. The embodiment further includes a camshaftarrangement including an input cam 100 for controlling the positioningand dwell time of the plurality of rotatable permanent magnets 124, 126,128, 130. Each of the rotatable permanent magnets 124, 126, 128, 130includes a north pole and an opposing south pole and are rotatable abouta common axis. The rotatable permanent magnets 124, 126, 128, 130 arerotated about the common axis using the input cam 100, a crank arm 101,and a cam roller 102 driven by a continuous drive motor 120. Theelectric motor 120 is coupled to an output shaft 123, which is coupledto the crank arm 101 to drive the movement of the rotatable permanentmagnets 124, 126, 128, 130 using the linear shaft 106. The revolutionsper minute (rpm) of the continuous drive motor 120 may be reduced usinga gear reducer 122. A torque transducer 121 is used for measuring theinput torque during testing. The cam roller 102 of the crank arm 101 ispositioned within a recessed track 125 provided by the input cam 100.The recessed track 125 is dimensioned to establish the dwell time of theplurality of rotatable permanent magnets 124, 126, 128, 130 during thereciprocating stroke of a shuttle (not shown in this view).

In operation, the continuous drive motor 120 drives the crank arm 101using the output shaft 123, which causes the cam roller 102 to followalong the recessed track 125 provided by the input cam 100, therebycausing the linear shaft 106 to move in a linearly reciprocating motion,which results in the rotatable permanent magnets 124, 126, 128, 130rotating 180°, and then reversing 180°, with the movement of the linearshaft 106.

An additional view of the magnetic transmission is shown in FIG. 2,which more clearly illustrates the output shaft 130 that is coupled tothe crank arm 101 and driven by the electric motor 120 to affect thereciprocation of the linear shaft 106 and the corresponding rotation ofthe rotatable permanent magnets 124, 126, 128, 130. As shown in FIG. 2,the rotational movement of the rotatable permanent magnets 124, 126,128, 130 is accomplished using a gear 135 engaged with a gear rack 106to rotate a first and second rotatable permanent magnet 124, 128 about afirst common axis 140 and to rotate a third and fourth rotatablepermanent magnet 126, 130 about a second common axis 141.

FIG. 3 illustrates the magnetic drive system, which further includes amagnetic shuttle 150 that is confined to a linear reciprocating movementgenerally parallel to the first common axis 140 and second common axis141. Affixed to the magnetic shuttle 150 are a plurality of stationarypermanent magnets 174, 176, 178, 180. In this embodiment, the firststationary permanent magnet 174 is positioned opposite a first rotatablepermanent magnet 124, a second stationary permanent magnet 176 ispositioned opposite a second rotatable permanent magnet 126, a thirdstationary permanent magnet 178 is positioned opposite a third rotatablepermanent magnet 128 and a fourth stationary permanent magnet 180 ispositioned opposite a fourth rotatable permanent magnet 130. As shown,the first and second stationary permanent magnets 174, 176 and the thirdand fourth stationary permanent magnets 178, 180 are affixed to opposingfirst and second sides of the magnetic shuttle 150. Additionally, eachof the stationary permanent magnets 174, 176, 178, 180 has a north poleand a south pole. The magnets are positioned such that rotation of therotatable permanent magnets 124, 126, 128, 130 is coincident with arepelling and an attracting force of the stationary permanent magnets174, 176, 178, 180 of the magnetic shuttle 150, resulting in thereciprocating movement of the magnetic shuttle 150. In operation, theelectric motor 120 provides rotation of the rotatable permanent magnets124, 126, 128, 130, which affects linear movement of the stationarypermanent magnets 174, 176, 178, 180 and a reciprocating movement of themagnetic shuttle 150.

While the exemplary embodiments illustrated in FIG. 1-FIG. 3 show afixed number of rotatable permanent magnets and stationary permanentmagnets, this is not intended to be limiting and any number of magnetsare within the scope of the present invention. Additionally, while theembodiments describe an electric motor, it is well understood that otherwell-known means for driving the rotation of the magnets may beemployed, without departing from the invention.

In order to maximize the amount of rotationally to linearly(reciprocating) transferred energy, when the rotatable permanent magnets124, 126, 128, 130 are rotated 180°, a dwell time is desirable to allowthe magnetic shuttle 150 enough time to complete its reciprocatingstroke. While it is known in the art to utilize an intermittent drive,or servo motor, to hold the rotatable permanent magnets 124, 126, 128,130 in a constant position as the magnetic shuttle 150 completes itsstroke, intermittent drives are more expensive and more complex thancontinuous drive motors, rendering their use undesirable.

To overcome the need for the use of intermittent drives or servo motors,in the present embodiment the dwell time is provided by the input cam100, thereby allowing the use of a standard AC motor 120, which providesa continuous input rotation for the rotatable permanent magnets 124,126, 128, 130. The use of the input cam 100 having a properlydimensioned recessed track 125 and a continuous drive motor 120 requiresless energy and reduces the overhead of the magnetic drive assembly.

With reference to FIG. 4, the shape of the recessed track 125 of theinput cam 100 establishes the dwell time for the rotatable permanentmagnets 124, 126, 128, 130 when driven with a continuous motor 120. Thelegs 165, 167 of the input cam 100 are configured to be attached to thelinear shaft 106 that rotates the rotatable permanent magnets 124, 126,128, 130. The design of the recessed track 125 provides a sinusoidalmovement with minimal movement at the end of the stroke of the magneticshuttle 150, thereby providing the necessary dwell time to maximize thetransferred energy. The specific dwell time can be controlled by thephysical shape of the recessed track 125 of the input cam 100.

In determining the dimensions of the recessed track 125 of the input cam100, the load and velocity of the magnetic shuttle 150 must beconsidered, as the dwell time should match the time of the magneticshuttle 150 movement. More importantly, the dwell time established bythe recessed track 125 should be sufficient enough to allow for maximummagnetic alignment of the rotatable permanent magnets 124, 126, 128, 130and the fixed permanent magnets 174, 176, 178, 180 as the magneticshuttle 150 moves through its stroke. In general, the dimensions of therecessed track 125 may vary based upon the specific application. Inparticular, the recessed track 125 is dimensioned to having a portion425 that establishes the necessary dwell time.

In a particular embodiment, the dwell time provided by the input cam 100may be achieved by matching the width 405 of the recessed track 125 atthe 90° position 400 and 270° position 415 to a swing of the crank arm101 swing. As shown in FIG. 4, the width of the recessed track 125 ofthe input cam 100 at the 0° position 400 and 180° position 410 issubstantially equal to a diameter of the cam roller 102, and the widthof the recessed track 125 at the 90° 405 and the 270° position 415 issubstantially equal to a swing of the crank arm 101.

FIG. 5 provides a more detailed view of the cam shaft 123, cam arm 101and cam roller 102 of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 5, the camshaft 123 is driven by an output from the gear reducer 122. The camroller 102 is positioned within the recessed track 125 of the input cam100, as previously described with reference to FIG. 1-FIG. 4. The swingof the crank arm 101 is determined as the distance 500 from the centerof the crank arm 101 to the outside diameter of the cam roller 102.Additionally, the throw of the cam is the distance of movement of thecam arm 101, which is twice the distance 505 from the center of thecrank shaft 102 to the center of the cam roller 102 on the crank arm101.

Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 1-FIG. 5, in one embodiment, the presentinvention provides an improved magnetic drive train whereby an input cam100 and a continuous drive motor 120 are used to harvest the maximumamount of energy when converting the rotary motion of the rotatablepermanent magnets 124, 126, 128, 130 to the reciprocating motion of themagnetic shuttle 150.

In a second embodiment, the reciprocating linear motion of the magneticshuttle 150 may be converted back to a rotary motion. As shown in FIG.6, two output cams 200, 205 are coupled to the magnetic shuttle 150using shuttle attachment brackets 210, 215. In particular, the shuttleattachment brackets 210, 215 are attached to the magnetic shuttle 150 onone side of the shuttle bracket 150, as shown in FIG. 3. In operation,the cams 200, 205 are used to harvest the energy from the magneticdriven linear shuttle 150.

As illustrated in FIG. 6, an output shaft 240 is driven by therotational movement of the two output cams 200, 205. The movement of themagnetic shuttle 150 causes linear movement of the linear input shaft220, 222 coupled to each of the two output cams 200, 205, respectively.Each linear input shaft 220, 222 includes a cam roller 225, 227 that ispositioned with a recessed track 230, 232 of each of the correspondingoutput cams 200, 205. The dimensions of the recessed track 230, 232 ofthe output cams 200, 205 controls the movement of the output shaft 240.

The objective of the shape of the recessed track 230, 232 provided bythe output cams 200, 205 is to allow the efficient capture of energy ofthe linear motion of the magnetic shuttle 150 that is powered by theinteraction between the permanent magnets of the magnetic shuttle 150and the rotatable permanent magnets, as previously described withreference to the first embodiment. The force curve of a linear motionmagnetic system, such as the magnetic shuttle 150, is affected by themagnetic gap as it moves through its path. The desired output for anapplication varies and the design of the recessed track 230, 232 of theoutput cams 200, 205 allows for modification of the output force andvelocity. Accordingly, the inertia of the mechanical system, velocityand magnetic forces can be controlled by the shape of the recessed track230, 232 of the output cams 200, 205.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6, the output shaft 240 isperpendicular to the motion of the linear shaft 220, 222. However, asshown in FIG. 7, it may be desirable to change the orientation to be inthe same plane as the linear motion of the axis of the linear shaft 220,222. To achieve the configuration illustrated in FIG. 7, a barrel typeoutput cam 270, 272 can be used with multiple axes. In this embodiment,the barrel cams 270, 272 rotate an output shaft 240, wherein each of thebarrel cams 270, 272 are driven by a combination of a drive gear 255,257, axis rotational gear 250, 252, fixed magnet 260, 262, and rotatingmagnet 265, 267. As in the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the cam rollers290, 292 in the embodiment of FIG. 7 trace along the recessed track ofthe barrel output cams 270, 272 to provide the desired velocity output.

The relationship between the cam, the cam roller and the linear shaft220 of one of the output cams 200 of FIG. 7 is more clearly illustratedin FIG. 8. As shown in FIG. 8, the output shaft 240 is driven by theoutput cam 200, and the rotational motion of the output cam 200 isprovided by the cam roller 235 of the linear shaft 220 traveling alongthe recessed track 230 of the output cam 200.

FIG. 9 additionally illustrates an exemplary shape of the recessed track230 of the output cam 200. In the present invention, the recessed track230, 232 of the output cams 200, 205 are dimensioned to capture theenergy of the magnetic shuttle 150 and to transfer it to a rotarymotion. The shuttle movement is caused by the magnetic forces, whereinthe force curve during its stroke is “U” shaped. This resulting forcecurve is inherent in a magnetic system and can result in mechanicalfailures at the end of the stroke, where the force is at its peak andoverpowers the load. As described, the resulting force curve, withoutuse of the output cams 200, 205 will not be flat, but instead will be atits lowest level near the center of the stroke of the magnetic shuttle150 and at its peak level at the end of the stoke. This is not ideal,and it is desirable to have a constant force curve from the movement ofthe magnetic shuttle 150. In the present invention, to help achieve aconstant force curve on the output, the output cam 200, 205 has beenintroduced.

The dimensions of the recessed track 230 of the output cam 200 shown inFIG. 9 include a constant negative acceleration area 300 a constantpositive acceleration area 305 and a constant velocity area 310. Thenegative acceleration area 300 of the recessed track 230 should changethe velocity to allow the load to slow the shuttle velocity as it nearsthe end of the stroke. The inertia of the moving load thus enters intothe design of the slope of the recessed track at the end of the stroke.Additionally, the center of the stroke is the minimum force of themagnets and the slope of the recessed track of the cam should be aconstant velocity in this area of the track. In a particular embodiment,assuming that the input motion to rotate the magnets is 180°, therecessed track of the output cam 200, 205 will determine the magneticdrive ratio (degrees per stroke).

The recessed tracks shown in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 are illustrative of thesedesired conditions. Additionally, the output cams 200, 205 keep themagnetic shuttle 150 from drifting from the end of the stroke, as themagnets are rotated for the next stroke. The significance of this is tomaximize the effectiveness of the full stroke of the magnetic shuttle150. In general, the shape of the lobes of the recessed track of theoutput cams, along with the stroke of the magnetic shuttle, arevariables to be determined based upon the application and the size ofthe magnets.

The output cams 200, 205 as illustrated in the exemplary embodimentsprovide a constant acceleration for the first 20% of the shuttle stroke,a constant velocity through the next 50%, and a constant negativeacceleration for the remaining 30%. However, these parameters can bealtered depending upon the application, while providing the same result,which is to maximize the harnessing of the shuttle energy and to applythe harnessed energy into the rotary output.

In the present invention, the output cam is used to provide a constantforce curve and to change the velocity at the end of the reciprocatingstroke. The end of the reciprocating stroke is the peak of the forcecurve, which will increase the velocity, if the load is not changed.Contrary to most cam designs in which the recessed track is shaped toprovide a preferred output motion, in the present invention, therecessed track of the cam is shaped to control the output force andinput velocity.

Additionally, adding a flywheel load to store the energy in either ofthe embodiments shown in FIG. 7 or FIG. 8, reduces the velocity at thehighest energy portion of the linear stroke. Utilizing a flywheelincreases the reliability and efficiency of the linear system and theenergy to decrease the velocity is stored in the flywheel for outputuse.

It will be seen that the advantages set forth above, and those madeapparent from the foregoing description, are efficiently attained. Sincecertain changes may be made in the above construction without departingfrom the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matterscontained in the foregoing description or shown in the accompanyingdrawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limitingsense.

It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended tocover all of the generic and specific features of the invention hereindescribed, and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as amatter of language, might be said to fall therebetween. Now that theinvention has been described,

What is claimed is:
 1. A camshaft arrangement for establishing a dwelltime of a plurality of rotatable permanent magnets of a magnetic drivetrain, the camshaft arrangement comprising: an input cam comprising arecessed track to engage a cam roller of a crank arm and furthercomprising one or more supports to attach the input cam to areciprocating shaft, the reciprocating shaft to rotate a plurality ofrotatable permanent magnets in response to a rotation of the crank armthat results in a reciprocating stroke of a shuttle comprising aplurality of fixed permanent magnets; and wherein the recessed track ofthe input cam is dimensioned to establish a dwell time of the pluralityof rotatable permanent magnets during the reciprocating stroke of theshuttle.
 2. The camshaft arrangement of claim 1, wherein the dwell timeestablished by the recessed track of the input cam is sufficient toallow the shuttle to complete its reciprocating stroke.
 3. The camshaftarrangement of claim 1, wherein the dwell time established by therecessed track of the input cam provides for maximum magnetic alignmentbetween the plurality of rotatable permanent magnets and the pluralityof fixed permanent magnets of the shuttle during the reciprocatingstroke of the shuttle.
 4. The camshaft arrangement of claim 1, whereinthe plurality of rotatable permanent magnets are rotated 180° duringeach rotation of the crank arm.
 5. The camshaft arrangement of claim 1,wherein a velocity of the rotation of the plurality of rotatablepermanent magnets is sinusoidal and the recessed track of the input camprovides for minimal movement of the cam roller at 90° and 270°positions of the recessed track.
 6. The camshaft arrangement of claim 1,wherein a width at 0° and 180° positions of the recessed track issubstantially equal to a diameter of the cam roller, and wherein a widthat 90° and 270° positions of the recessed track is substantially equalto a swing of the crank arm.
 7. The camshaft arrangement of claim 1,further comprising: a crank shaft coupled to the crank arm; and acontinuous drive motor coupled to the crank shaft to provide therotation of the crank arm.
 8. The camshaft arrangement of claim 5,wherein a width at 90° and 270° positions of the recessed track issubstantially equal to a distance from a center of the crank shaft to anoutside diameter of the cam roller.
 9. A camshaft arrangement fortransforming a reciprocating input to a rotational output, the camshaftarrangement comprising: an output cam having a recessed track to engagea cam roller of a reciprocating shaft, wherein a force produced by thereciprocating shaft fluctuates during a reciprocating stroke of thereciprocating shaft; and wherein the recessed track of the output cam isdimensioned to reduce the fluctuation in the force produced by thereciprocating shaft during the reciprocating stroke.
 10. The camshaftarrangement of claim 9, wherein the recessed track of the output cam isdimensioned to maximize a transformation of energy generated by thereciprocating stroke of the reciprocating shaft to a rotational output.11. The camshaft arrangement of claim 9, wherein the recessed track ofthe output cam is dimensioned to provide a constant positiveacceleration portion, a constant velocity portion and a constantnegative acceleration portion.
 12. The camshaft arrangement of claim 11,wherein the constant positive acceleration portion of the recessed trackof the output cam comprises approximately 20% of the recessed track. 13.The camshaft arrangement of claim 11, wherein the constant velocityportion of the recessed track of the output cam comprises approximately50% of the recessed track.
 14. The camshaft arrangement of claim 11,wherein the constant negative acceleration portion of the recessed trackof the output cam comprises approximately 30% of the recessed track. 15.The camshaft arrangement of claim 9, further comprising: a shuttlecoupled to the reciprocating shaft, the shuttle comprising a pluralityof fixed permanent magnets, the plurality of fixed permanent magnetspositioned such that a rotation of a plurality of rotatable permanentmagnets causes an alternate repelling force and attracting force on theplurality of fixed permanent magnets that results in the reciprocatingstroke of the reciprocating shaft.
 16. The camshaft arrangement of claim9, further comprising: an output shaft coupled to the output cam, theoutput cam to rotate the output shaft in response to the reciprocatingstroke of the reciprocating shaft; and a flywheel coupled to the outputshaft.
 17. A magnetic drive train apparatus comprising: a plurality ofrotatable permanent magnets, each of the rotatable permanent magnetshaving a north pole and an opposing south pole aligned within a plane; aplurality of first rotational shafts, wherein each one of the pluralityof rotatable permanent magnets is rotatable by a respective one of theplurality of first rotational shafts about an axis within the plane andbetween the opposing poles; a first reciprocating shaft coupled to theplurality of first rotational shafts; a shuttle comprising a pluralityof fixed permanent magnets affixed to a shuttle, the plurality of fixedpermanent magnets positioned such that a rotation of the plurality ofrotatable permanent magnets causes an alternate repelling force andattracting force on the plurality of fixed permanent magnets thatresults in a reciprocating stroke of the shuttle parallel to the axis; acrank arm having a cam roller positioned at a first end of the crankarm; an input cam coupled to the first reciprocating shaft, the inputcam comprising a recessed track to engage the cam roller of the crankarm, wherein a rotation of the crank arm results in a reciprocatingstroke of the first reciprocating shaft perpendicular to the axis and inthe corresponding reciprocating stroke of the shuttle parallel to theaxis and wherein the recessed track is dimensioned to establish a dwelltime during the reciprocating stroke of the first reciprocating shaft; asecond reciprocating shaft coupled to the shuttle, the secondreciprocating shaft comprising a cam roller; and an output cam having arecessed track to engage the cam roller of the second reciprocatingshaft, wherein a force produced by the reciprocating shaft fluctuatesduring a reciprocating stroke of the reciprocating shaft and wherein therecessed track of the output cam is dimensioned to reduce thefluctuation in the force produced by the reciprocating shaft during thereciprocating stroke of the second reciprocating shaft.
 18. The camshaftarrangement of claim 17, further comprising a crank shaft coupled to thecrank arm and a continuous drive motor coupled to the crank shaft toprovide the rotation of the crank arm.
 19. The camshaft arrangement ofclaim 17, wherein the dwell time established by the recessed track ofthe input cam is sufficient to allow the shuttle to complete itsreciprocating stroke.
 20. The camshaft arrangement of claim 17, whereinthe recessed track of the output cam is dimensioned to provide aconstant positive acceleration portion, a constant velocity portion anda constant negative acceleration portion.